Caracterização epidemiológica e causas da não doação por potenciais doadores de órgãos em morte encefálica / Epidemiological characterization and causes of non-donation by potential brain-dead organ donors / Caracterización epidemiológica y causas de la no donación de potenciales donantes de órganos en muerte cerebral

Objetivo: analisar as características epidemiológicas e causas da não efetivação do processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos de potenciais doadores em morte encefálica. Método: estudo transversal, com dados secundários do ano de 2019, obtidos de formulários de notificação de morte encefálica de pacientes com idade igual e superior a 18 anos, analisados descritiva e inferencialmente, após aprovação pelo comitê de ética. Resultados: notificadas 231 mortes encefálicas, com maior incidência de pessoas do sexo masculino, idade média de 48 anos e notificações dos hospitais públicos. Em Campo Grande, Mato grosso do Sul, observou-se maior número de notificações e o menor tempo entre a notificação e o primeiro exame clínico (RR: 4,01; IC 2,17-7,41; p<0,001). Entre os casos de não doação, 75,8% ocorreram por contraindicação médica e recusa familiar. Conclusão: houve predomínio de adultos jovens, não doadores de órgãos, cuja negativa da família deu-se pela vontade de manter o corpo íntegro.

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and causes of non-completion of the organ and tissue donation process from potential brain-dead donors. Method: cross-sectional study, with secondary data from 2019, obtained from brain death notification forms of patients aged 18 years and over, analyzed descriptively and inferentially, after approval by the ethics committee. Results: 231 brain deaths were reported, with a higher incidence of males, average age of 48 years and notifications from public hospitals. In Campo Grande, Mato grosso do Sul, Brazil, there was a greater number of notifications and a shorter time between notification and the first clinical examination (RR: 4.01; CI 2.17-7.41; p<0.001). Among cases of non-donation, 75.8% occurred due to medical contraindication and family refusal. Conclusion: there was a predominance of young adults, non-organ donors, whose family's refusal was due to the desire to keep the body intact.

Objetivo: analizar las características epidemiológicas y las causas de la no finalización del proceso de donación de órganos y tejidos de potenciales donantes en muerte cerebral. Método: estudio transversal, con datos secundarios del año 2019, obtenidos de formularios de notificación de muerte encefálica de pacientes de 18 años y más, analizados de manera descriptiva e inferencial, previa aprobación del comité de ética. Resultados: Se reportaron 231 muertes encefálicas, con mayor incidencia de hombres, edad promedio de 48 años y notificaciones de los hospitales públicos. En Campo Grande, Mato grosso do Sul, hubo mayor número de notificaciones y menor tiempo entre la notificación y el primer examen clínico (RR: 4,01; IC 2,17-7,41; p<0,001). Entre los casos de no donación, el 75,8% se produjo por contraindicación médica y negativa familiar. Conclusión: hubo predominio de adultos jóvenes, no donantes de órganos, cuya negativa familiar se debió al deseo de mantener el cuerpo íntegro.

Potenciais doadores de órgãos em morte encefálica: caracterização e identificação de diagnósticos de enfermagem / Potential brain-dead organ donors: characterization and identification of nursing diagnoses / Donantes potenciales de órganos en muerte cerebral: caracterización e identificación de los diagnósticos de enfermería

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem de potenciais doadores de órgãos em morte encefálica segundo a Taxonomia NANDA-I. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal realizado em hospital público no interior do Ceará, Brasil. Coleta de dados nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2021, em 23 prontuários de potenciais doadores de órgãos. Dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva. Resultados: Identificaram-se 22 diferentes diagnósticos, em cinco dos 13 domínios da taxonomia da NANDA-I. Prevaleceram: risco de glicemia instável; risco de função hepática prejudicada; troca de gases prejudicada; mobilidade no leito prejudicada; padrão respiratório ineficaz; risco de infecção; risco de lesão por pressão; risco de aspiração; risco de débito cardíaco diminuído; risco de quedas, eliminação urinária prejudicada; risco de desequilíbrio eletrolítico e risco de pressão arterial instável. Conclusão: A identificação dos diagnósticos poderá favorecer o aprimoramento da prática e a aplicação do processo de enfermagem diante da assistência aos potenciais doadores de órgãos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the nursing diagnoses of potential organ donors in brain death according to the NANDA-I Taxonomy. Method: Observational, cross-sectional study conducted in a public hospital in the interior of Ceará, Brazil. Data collection was realized in October and November 2021 in 23 medical records of potential organ donors. Descriptive statistics analyzed data. Results: Twenty-two diagnoses were identified in five of the 13 domains of the NANDA-I taxonomy. The following were prevalent: risk of unstable blood glucose; risk of impaired liver function; impaired gas exchange; impaired bed mobility; ineffective breathing pattern; risk of infection; risk of pressure injury; risk of aspiration; risk of decreased cardiac output; risk of falls, impaired urinary elimination; risk of electrolyte imbalance and risk of unstable blood pressure. Conclusion: The identification of diagnoses may favor the improvement of practice and the application of the nursing process in the care of potential organ donors.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería de los posibles donantes de órganos en muerte encefálica según la Taxonomía NANDA-I. Método: Estudio observacional, transversal, realizado en un hospital público del interior de Ceará, Brasil. Recogida de datos en octubre y noviembre de 2021, en 23 historias clínicas de posibles donantes de órganos. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: Se identificaron 22 diagnósticos diferentes, en cinco de los 13 dominios de la taxonomía NANDA-I. Predominaron los siguientes: riesgo de glucemia inestable; riesgo de deterioro de la función hepática; deterioro del intercambio gaseoso; deterioro de la movilidad en la cama; patrón respiratorio ineficaz; riesgo de infección; riesgo de lesión por presión; riesgo de aspiración; riesgo de disminución del gasto cardíaco; riesgo de caídas, deterioro de la eliminación urinaria; riesgo de desequilibrio electrolítico y riesgo de tensión arterial inestable. Conclusión: La identificación de diagnósticos puede favorecer la mejora de la práctica y la aplicación del proceso de enfermería en el cuidado de los donantes potenciales de órganos.

Infarto cerebral en mujer joven con la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 y sin factores de riesgo cardiovasculares: reporte de caso / Acute stroke in young woman with coronavirus disease 19 and no cardiovascular risk factor: case report

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La COVID-19 se acompaña de eventos tromboembólicos venosos y arteriales en pacientes con historia de hipertensión y aterosclerosis. Se reporta el caso de una paciente joven y sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular que adquirió la infección por el SARS-COV2 y luego presentó un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. CASO: Paciente de 44 años hospitalizada por la covid-19 en tratamiento protocolario con anticoagulación, esteroide y oxígeno suplementario. Al día 7 del inicio de los síntomas respiratorios presentó infarto cerebral por trombosis de arteria carótida derecha, arteria cerebral media derecha e izquierda y edema cerebral hemisférico derecho, tras lo cual fue diagnosticada con muerte encefálica. El estudio vascular no documentó una etiología diferente a la covid-19. DISCUSIÓN: Se plantea que la infección condiciona un estado inflamatorio sistémico, endotelialitis, ulceración de placas ateroscleróticas preexistentes e hipercoagulabilidad. Lo anterior facilita la aparición de trombosis vascular. Es frecuente encontrar elevación de reactantes de fase aguda y de los productos del metabolismo de la fibrina. El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico se ha descrito en el 1 al 5 % de los pacientes con la covid-19. En pacientes con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, durante las primeras 2 semanas desde el inicio de los síntomas respiratorios, el compromiso isquémico suele afectar a múltiples territorios vasculares. CONCLUSIÓN: La covid-19 por sí sola es un factor de riesgo para trombosis arterial secundaria a la inflamación sistémica y estados de hipercoagulabilidad, por lo que debe ser tenida en cuenta en el estudio de ACV isquémico en pacientes jóvenes.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: It is known that COVID-19 is associated with venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with history of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Herein, it is presented a case of a young woman without known cardiovascular risk, who was infected by SARS-COV 2 and then an ischemic stroke. CASE: 44 years-old woman with moderate COVID-19 in protocolary treatment with anticoagulants, steroid and oxygen. In the seventh day since symptoms onset, she presented acute ischemic stroke due to acute thrombosis of right carotid artery, and right and left medial cerebral arteries, then rapidly developed malignant cerebral edema and brain death. Vascular study failed to report and etiology other than COVID-19. DISCUSSION: It is suggested that the infection produces a systemic inflammatory state, endothelialitis, ulceration of preexisting atherosclerotic plaques, and hypercoagulability that facilitate thrombosis. Ischemic stroke is described in 1 to 5% of COVID-19, it is common to find an elevation of acute phase reactants and products of fibrin metabolism. Multiple vascular territories are usually compromised in patients with known cardiovascular risk factors and 12 days after the onset of symptoms. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 by itself is a risk factor for arterial thrombosis secondary to systemic infection and hypercoagulability states and it should be taken into account in the study of ischemic stroke in young patients.

Morte encefálica: conhecimento dos fisioterapeutas a respeito dos conceitos e protocolo em um hospital de urgências / Brain death: knowledge of physiotherapists about the concepts and protocol in an emergency hospital

INTRODUÇÃO: A morte encefálica (ME) é caracterizada pela presença de coma aperceptivo e ausência de reflexos de tronco encefálico. O sucesso no processo de doação de órgãos é complexo e depende do envolvimento ativo dos profissionais no processo de busca ativa e notificação de potenciais doadores (PD). O fisioterapeuta lida diretamente com o paciente crítico e, dentre outras funções, gerencia a ventilação mecânica, sendo fundamental no processo de manutenção do PD. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento dos fisioterapeutas sobre os conceitos e protocolo de ME em um hospital de urgências. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, analítico, realizado por meio de perguntas sociodemográficas e um questionário constituído por nove questões objetivas, elaborado com base na resolução nº 2.173/2017 do CFM. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 27 fisioterapeutas que obtiveram uma pontuação média de 4,74 (DP ± 1,65) no questionário. As perguntas com maiores índices de erros foram as que indagaram sobre o tempo mínimo para abertura do protocolo de ME (92,6%) e a manutenção do suporte de vida em não doador (66,7%). CONCLUSÃO: Os fisioterapeutas avaliados demonstraram possuir conhecimento limitado acerca dos conceitos e protocolo de ME diante do número limítrofe de acertos. Além disso, a maioria dos profissionais referiu não ter recebido nenhum tipo de capacitação, podendo configurar um dos determinantes para o baixo desempenho no questionário.

INTRODUCTION: Brain death (BD) is characterized by the presence of apperceptive coma and the absence of brainstem reflexes. The success o the organ donation process is complex and depends on the active involvement of professionals in the process of active search and notification of potential donors (PD). The physiotherapist deals directly with the critical patient and, among other functions, manages mechanical ventilation, being essential in the process of maintaining the PD. OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge of physiotherapists regarding the concepts and protocol of BD in an emergency hospital. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional, analytical study carried out using sociodemographic questions and a questionnaire consisting of nine objective questions, prepared based on CFM Resolution No. 2,173/2017. RESULTS: The study included 27 physiotherapists who obtained an average score of 4.74 (SD ± 1.65) in the questionnaire. The questions with the highest error rates were those that asked about the minimum time to open the BD protocol (92.6%) and maintenance of life support in non-donor (66.7%). CONCLUSION: The physical therapists evaluated showed limited knowledge about BD concepts and protocol in view of the borderline number of correct answers. In addition, most professionals did not receive any type of training, which could be one of the determinants of low performance in the questionnaire.

Morte, diagnóstico e evento / Death, diagnosis and event / Muerte, diagnóstico y evento

Resumo Vida e morte são compreendidas de maneiras distintas em diferentes culturas, religiões e sociedades, portanto padronizar o entendimento dos significados desses termos em sociedades multiculturais torna-se desafiador e complexo. Diante dessa realidade, esta pesquisa busca descobrir como a morte foi compreendida na história e quais valores eram associados a ela. Para isso, realizou-se revisão da literatura analítico-narrativa, com seleção de 69 publicações para leitura na íntegra. A sociedade e a medicina adquiriram uma visão dualista que considera a morte da função cerebral como irreversibilidade de existência de um eu psicológico. Diante da possibilidade de coletar órgãos e tecidos a partir de um corpo mantido vivo e operado, o suporte de vida deve sempre visar o benefício, mas sem causar danos a terceiros. Para que esses avanços sejam possíveis, a legislação deve ser clara e atualizada.

Abstract Life and death are viewed differently in different cultures, religions, and societies; therefore standardizing their meanings in multicultural societies is challenging and complex. Given this reality, this research investigated how death has been understood throughout history and its associated values. An analytic-narrative literature review was conducted, selecting 69 publications to be read in full. Society and medicine have assumed a dualistic perspective in which death of the brain function is viewed as irreversibility of the existence of a psychological self. Faced with the possibility of procuring organs and tissues from a body kept alive and operated on, life support should always aim to benefit, but without causing harm to others. For these advances to be possible, legislation must be clear and up-to-date.

Resumen La vida y la muerte se entienden de distintos modos en diferentes culturas, religiones y sociedades, por lo que estandarizar la comprensión del significado de estos términos en las sociedades multiculturales se vuelve desafiante y complejo. Ante esta realidad, esta investigación pretende conocer cómo se abordó la muerte en la historia y qué valores se asociaron a ella. Para ello, se realizó una revisión de la literatura analítico-narrativa, con una selección de 69 publicaciones para su lectura completa. La sociedad y la medicina tienen una visión dualista que considera la muerte de la función cerebral como una irreversibilidad de la existencia de un yo psicológico. Frente a la posibilidad de recolectar órganos y tejidos de un cuerpo mantenido vivo y operado, el soporte vital siempre debe estar dirigido al beneficio, sin causar daños a terceros. Para que estos avances sean posibles, la legislación debe ser clara y estar actualizada.

Care for potential brain-dead organ donors in an adult emergency room: a convergent care perspective / Asistencia a potenciales donantes de órganos en muerte encefálica en un servicio de urgencias de adultos: una perspectiva de asistencia convergente / Assistência ao potencial doador de órgãos em morte encefálica em pronto-socorro adulto: perspectiva convergente-assistencial

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate situations that interfere with health professionals' performance, in the identification and maintenance of potential brain-dead donors in an Adult Emergency Care Unit, and to indicate actions, from the health team's perception, that can promote care for these patients. Method: this is a qualitative, convergent care research, carried out with health professionals from an adult emergency unit, a large public teaching hospital located in southern Brazil. Data were collected between February 2020 and January 2021 through structured participant observation, semi-structured interview and convergence group. Data analysis was performed according to the stages of gathering, synthesis, theorization and transfer. Results: based on data analysis, the difficulties in caring for brain-dead persons, lack of information, inadequate structure and difficulties in the work process were identified as situations that interfere with health professionals' performance in relation to brain-dead potential donors. Actions were signaled to promote care for these people through continuing education activities on the subject, dissemination of information, construction of technologies/protocols, organization of infrastructure and the work process with support for professionals who assist these people. Conclusion: it was evidenced that professional education, the organization of the donation process and systematized actions to improve the work are fundamental factors for the effective care for brain-dead potential organ donors.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar situaciones que interfieren en la actuación de los profesionales de la salud, en la identificación y mantenimiento de potenciales donantes en muerte encefálica en una unidad de emergencia de adultos y señalar acciones, en la percepción del equipo de salud, que puedan promover el cuidado de estos pacientes. Método: Investigación cualitativa, de asistencia convergente, realizada con profesionales de la salud de una unidad de emergencia de adultos, de un gran hospital público de enseñanza ubicado en el sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados entre febrero de 2020 y enero de 2021 a través de observación participante estructurada, entrevista semiestructurada y grupo de convergencia. El análisis de los datos se realizó según las etapas: aprehensión, síntesis, teorización y transferencia. Resultados: con base en el análisis de los datos, las dificultades en la asistencia a la persona con muerte encefálica, falta de información, estructura inadecuada y dificultades en el proceso de trabajo fueron identificadas como situaciones que interfieren en la actuación de los profesionales de la salud en relación al potencial donante en cerebro muerte. Se señalaron acciones para promover la asistencia a estas personas a través de actividades de educación continua en el tema, difusión de información, construcción de tecnologías/protocolos, organización de la infraestructura y del proceso de trabajo con apoyo a los profesionales que asisten a estas personas. Conclusión: se evidenció que la educación profesional, la organización del proceso de donación y acciones sistematizadas para mejorar el trabajo son factores fundamentales para la asistencia eficaz al potencial donante de órganos en muerte encefálica.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar situações que interferem na atuação dos profissionais da saúde, na identificação e manutenção do potencial doador em morte encefálica em uma unidade de pronto-socorro adulto e sinalizar ações, na percepção da equipe de saúde, que possam promover a assistência a esses pacientes. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, convergente-assistencial, realizada com profissionais de saúde de uma unidade de pronto-socorro adulto, de um hospital-escola público e de grande porte localizado no Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre fevereiro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021 por meio de observação estruturada participante, entrevista semiestruturada e grupo de convergência. A análise dos dados foi realizada de acordo com as etapas: apreensão, síntese, teorização e transferência. Resultados: a partir da análise dos dados identificaram-se como situações que interferem na atuação dos profissionais da saúde frente ao potencial doador em morte encefálica as dificuldades na assistência à pessoa em morte encefálica, a falta de informação, estrutura inadequada e as dificuldades no processo de trabalho. Houve sinalização de ações para promover a assistência a essas pessoas por meio de atividades de educação permanente sobre o tema, divulgação de informações, construção de tecnologias/protocolos, organização da infraestrutura e do processo de trabalho com suporte aos profissionais que atendem essas pessoas. Conclusão: evidenciou-se que a educação profissional, a organização do processo de doação e ações sistematizadas para aperfeiçoamento do trabalho são fatores fundamentais para a efetiva assistência ao potencial doador de órgãos em morte encefálica.

Risk factors of urinary tract infection after renal transplantation / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the independent risk factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) in recipients under-going renal transplantation of donation after brain death (DBD), so as to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of postoperative UTI. 【Methods】 A retrospective study was conducted for recipients who received renal transplantation of DBD in our hospital during Jan.2021 and Dec.2021. The recipients were divided into the infection group (n=26) and non-infection group (n=74) according to the incidence of UTI 3 months after operation. The risk factors of UTI were identified with univariate and multivariate analyses. 【Results】 The incidence of UTI was 26%. Univariate analysis showed that gender, postoperative urinary fistula, time of indwelling catheter and time of indwelling double J tube were the influencing factors of UTI (P<0.05). Forward stepwise regression analysis showed time of indwelling double J tube (OR=1.086,95%CI:1.003-1.177,P=0.042) and time of indwelling catheter(OR=4.687,95%CI:2.064-10.645, P<0.010) were the independent risk factors of UTI (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The time of indwelling catheter and time of indwelling double J tube are the independent factors of UTI after renal transplantation of DBD.

Current research status and prospect of organ donation discipline construction in China: a bibliometric analysis / 器官移植

Objective To refine and summarize the research status and development trend of organ donation discipline in China. Methods Relevant Chinese and English literatures related to organ donation were searched from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science core collection database from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022. Visual analysis was performed by the CiteSpace software from the number of published articles, keywords, journal source distribution, cooperation network of core authors, main research institutions, and citation of key literatures, etc. Results A total of 792 articles were published from 2018 to 2022, with an average annual number of 158 articles, which showed a rapidly upward trend. Among them, 182 articles were published in the form of postgraduate dissertation, accounting for 23%. Common keywords included organ transplantation, brain death, cardiac death, willingness/cognition/attitude, legal system, influencing factor/risk factor, infection/complication, Organ Procurement Organization, prognosis/quality, education for college students/medical students, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, children, ischemia-reperfusion injury, donor-derived infection, ethics, expended criteria donor, nursing and coordinator, etc. Keyword clustering hotspots focused on the theme of “organ donation” and branched into multiple disciplines. The publications of research results were characterized with pluralism and diversity, and the research contents were centered on medicine and spanned a wide range of disciplines. A large proportion of researches were published by the teams from large-scale organ transplantation institutions, and relatively close cooperative relationship was formed within the institutions. However, the intensity of cooperation among different institutions was relatively low, and the cooperative relationship among authors was insufficient, which failed to form an intimate academic network. The top five countries worldwide regarding the number of published articles were the U.S. (n=940), U.K. (n=377), Spain (n=263), Canada (n=241) and China (n=181), indicating that the achievements of Chinese researchers have been gradually recognized in the international academic community. Conclusions From the quantity and content of published articles in recent years, “organ donation” has laid certain research foundation in China. It is one of the topics concerned and widely studied by multiple academic communities in China. Relevant research issues have multidisciplinary, plural and diverse characteristics.

Research status of machine perfusion of heart / 器官移植

High-quality donor heart is the prerequisite and fundamental guarantee for successful heart transplantation. Reasonable donor heart preservation technique plays a key role in improving the quality of donor heart and the prognosis of heart transplantation. Static cold storage (SCS) is currently the standard preservation technique for cardiac allograft. However, it is prone to cause severe cold ischemia injury to the donor heart, and it is impossible to evaluate heart function during SCS. As an important emerging technique of organ preservation, machine perfusion better matches with physiological conditions compared with SCS, which may remove metabolic wastes and provide basic substances for metabolic needs during organ preservation, prolong the preservation time and improve the preservation effect to a certain extent. Besides, it may also effectively evaluate organ function and improve clinical prognosis of heart transplantation. Meantime, it can also repair organ damage, significantly optimize organ quality and improve the utilization rate of donor organs. In this article, research status of machine perfusion of donor heart was reviewed.

Clinical research progress and mechanism on myocardial injury in hearts from donors with stroke / 器官移植

At present, the heart of donor from donation after brain death are the primary organ sources for heart transplantation. After brain death, severe hemodynamic changes and a series of organ functional changes will occur, thereby leading to the functional damage or even loss of tissues and organs, especially the heart. Intimate relationship and interaction have been found in the physiology and pathophysiology between nervous and cardiovascular systems. After stroke, autonomic nervous disorder, neuroendocrine disorder and intense and persistent inflammatory reaction could be caused by the brain-heart axis reaction, leading to stroke-induced cardiac injuries, such as sympathetic storm, catecholamine storm, inflammatory storm, etc. In this article, research progresses on the mechanism of myocardial injury in heart from donors with stroke and the effect on clinical efficacy and prognosis after heart transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for clinical practice and subsequent research.

Development status and new challenges of heart transplantation / 器官移植

Heart transplantation is the primary therapeutic option for patients with end-stage heart failure. The shortage of donors has been the main limiting factor for the increasing quantity of heart transplantation. With persistent updating and introduction of novel technologies, the donor pool has been increasingly expanded, such as using the heart from older donors, donors infected with hepatitis C virus, donors dying from drug overdose or donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors, etc. Meantime, the proportion of recipients with advanced age, multiple organ dysfunction, mechanical circulatory support and human leukocyte antigen antibody sensitization has been significantly increased in recent years. The shortage of donors, complication of recipients' conditions, individualized management of immunosuppressive therapy and prevention and treatment of long-term cardiac allograft vasculopathy are all challenges in the field of heart transplantation. In this article, novel progresses on donor pool expansion, improving the quality of recipients, strengthening the diagnosis and treatment of rejection, and preventing cardiac allograft vasculopathy were reviewed, aiming to prolong the survival and enhance the quality of life of patients with end-stage heart failure on the waiting list or underwent heart transplantation.

Comparison of acute kidney injury following brain death between male and female rats

Abstract Background Clinical reports associate kidneys from female donors with worse prognostic in male recipients. Brain Death (BD) produces immunological and hemodynamic disorders that affect organ viability. Following BD, female rats are associated with increased renal inflammation interrelated with female sex hormone reduction. Here, the aim was to investigate the effects of sex on BD-induced Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) using an Isolated Perfused rat Kidney (IPK) model. Methods Wistar rats, females, and males (8 weeks old), were maintained for 4h after BD. A left nephrectomy was performed and the kidney was preserved in a cold saline solution (30 min). IPK was performed under normothermic temperature (37°C) for 90 min using WME as perfusion solution. AKI was assessed by morphological analyses, staining of complement system components and inflammatory cell markers, perfusion flow, and creatinine clearance. Results BD-male kidneys had decreased perfusion flow on IPK, a phenomenon that was not observed in the kidneys of BD-females (p< 0.0001). BD-male kidneys presented greater proximal (p= 0.0311) and distal tubule (p= 0.0029) necrosis. However, BD-female kidneys presented higher expression of eNOS (p= 0.0060) and greater upregulation of inflammatory mediators, iNOS (p= 0.0051), and Caspase-3 (p= 0.0099). In addition, both sexes had increased complement system formation (C5b-9) (p=0.0005), glomerular edema (p= 0.0003), and nNOS (p= 0.0051). Conclusion The present data revealed an important sex difference in renal perfusion in the IPK model, evidenced by a pronounced reduction in perfusate flow and low eNOS expression in the BD-male group. Nonetheless, the upregulation of genes related to the proinflammatory cascade suggests a progressive inflammatory process in BD-female kidneys.

The role of neuroimaging in the determination of brain death / O papel da neuroimagem na determinação da morte encefálica

Abstract Brain death is the irreversible cessation of all brain function. Although protocols for its determination vary among countries, the concept of brain death is widely accepted, despite ethical and religious issues. The pathophysiology of brain death is related to hypoxia and ischemia in the setting of extensive brain injury. It is also related to the effects of brain edema, which increases intracranial pressure, leading to cerebral circulatory arrest. Although the diagnosis of brain death is based on clinical parameters, the use of neuroimaging to demonstrate diffuse brain injury as the cause of coma prior to definitive clinical examination is a prerequisite. Brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrate diffuse edema, as well as ventricular and sulcal effacement, together with brain herniation. Angiography (by CT or MRI) demonstrates the absence of intracranial arterial and venous flow. In some countries, electroencephalography, cerebral digital subtraction angiography, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, or scintigraphy/single-photon emission CT are currently used for the definitive diagnosis of brain death. Although the definition of brain death relies on clinical features, radiologists could play an important role in the early recognition of global hypoxic-ischemic injury and the absence of cerebral vascular perfusion.

Resumo A morte encefálica é a cessação irreversível de todas as funções cerebrais. Embora os protocolos para sua determinação variem entre os países, o conceito de morte encefálica é amplamente aceito, apesar de questões éticas e religiosas. A fisiopatologia da morte encefálica está relacionada a hipóxia e isquemia no cenário de uma lesão cerebral difusa. Também está relacionada aos efeitos do edema cerebral, que aumenta a pressão intracraniana, levando à parada da circulação cerebral. Embora o diagnóstico de morte encefálica seja baseado em parâmetros clínicos, o uso de neuroimagem para demonstrar lesão cerebral difusa como causa do coma antes do exame clínico definitivo é um pré-requisito. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) e a ressonância magnética (RM) de crânio demonstram edema difuso e apagamento de ventrículos e sulcos, associados a herniações transcompartimentais. A angio-TC e a angio-RM demonstram a ausência de fluxo arterial e venoso intracraniano. Em alguns países, a eletroencefalografia, a angiografia por subtração digital cerebral, a ultrassonografia transcraniana com Doppler ou a cintilografia/TC por emissão de fóton único são atualmente usadas para o diagnóstico definitivo de morte encefálica. Embora a definição de morte encefálica dependa de características clínicas, os radiologistas podem desempenhar papel importante no reconhecimento precoce da lesão hipóxico-isquêmica global e da ausência de perfusão vascular cerebral.

Morte encefálica como problema bioético na formação médica / Brain death as a bioethical issue in medical training / Muerte encefálica como problema bioético en la formación médica

Resumo A definição moderna da morte encefálica aponta que esta determina a morte de um indivíduo, o qual deixa para trás um corpo que, apesar de funcional, não é mais parte dele, podendo, então, ser submetido a cessação de suporte ou coleta de órgãos e tecidos. Este artigo busca verificar se estudantes de medicina recebem formação técnica e ética adequada para lidar com o diagnóstico de morte encefálica. Para isso, realizou-se estudo transversal, por meio de aplicação de questionário, via internet, a estudantes de medicina. Dos 82 estudantes que completaram a pesquisa, 87% identificaram corretamente o diagnóstico de morte encefálica, contudo até 46% não souberam definir a conduta correta diante do diagnóstico. A discussão bioética acerca da morte, focando temas como terminalidade, finitude e cuidados, seria uma alternativa viável para a resolução dessa aparente falha da formação médica.

Abstract The modern definition of brain death points this as what determines the death of the individual, who leaves behind a body that, although functional, is no longer a part of him, and can, thus, be subjected to termination of life support and organ and tissue harvesting. This article seeks to verify if medicine students receive adequate technical and ethical training to deal with the brain death diagnosis. To this end, a cross-sectional study was carried out, by applying a questionary, via internet, to medicine students. Of the 82 students that filled the research, 87% correctly identified the brain death diagnosis, but up to 46% could not define the right conduct in the face of the diagnosis. The bioethical discussion about death, focusing themes such as terminality, ending, and care, would be a viable alternative to solve this apparent flaw of medical training.

Resumen La definición moderna de muerte encefálica es la que determina la muerte de un individuo, que deja un cuerpo, todavía funcional, que ya no es suyo, pudiendo ser sometido a cese de soporte o recolección de órganos y tejidos. Este artículo pretende conocer si los estudiantes de medicina reciben una adecuada formación técnica y ética para afrontar el diagnóstico de muerte encefálica. Para ello, se realizó un estudio transversal, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario en línea a estudiantes de medicina. De los 82 estudiantes que completaron la encuesta, el 87% identificó correctamente el diagnóstico de muerte encefálica, sin embargo hasta un 46% no supo definir la conducta correcta frente al diagnóstico. La discusión bioética sobre la muerte, con foco en temas como el final de la vida, la finitud y el cuidado, sería una alternativa viable para solucionar este posible fracaso de la formación médica.

Intervenciones de enfermería en procuración de órganos de personas adutlas con muerte encefálica: Revisión sistemática, primera fase / Nursing interventions in organ procurement of adults with brain death: systematic review, first phase

Introducción. La donación de órganos se ha posicionado como el tratamiento definitivo para quienes la única forma de sobrevivencia es la inserción de uno o más órganos sanos donados por otras personas. Por lo anterior, el profesional de enfermería debe poseer los conocimientos científicos, técnicos, tecnológicos y humanísticos que integran el correcto mantenimiento y procuración de órganos en personas adultas con muerte encefálica. Objetivo. Analizar la literatura sobre intervenciones de enfermería en el manejo de procuración de órganos en las personas adultas con muerte encefálica, en función de una revisión sistemática para fundamentar en una segunda fase la guía clínica de intervenciones de enfermería correspondiente con el uso de la taxonomía de NANDA, NOC, NIC. Material y método. Para la limitación de búsqueda de información científica se ejecutó el método PICO, y para su evaluación la clasificación de los niveles de evidencia basados en el Centre for Evidence ­ Based Medicine de Oxford (OCEBM). Resultados. Las intervenciones de enfermería se enfocan en las complicaciones que la procuración de órganos presenta frecuentemente, como falla cardíaca, hipotensión, arritmias, edema pulmonar, diabetes insípida, hipotiroidismo, falla en los mecanismos termoreguladores e infección ocular. Conclusiones. Las intervenciones de enfermería focalizadas en prevenir complicaciones en la procuración de órganos de personas adultas con muerte encefálica generan un óptimo proceso de donación ­ trasplante de órganos.

Introduction: Organ donation is the definitive treatment for patients whose only survival option is the transplantation of one or more healthy organs from another person. Therefore, the nursing professional must have the scientific, technical, technological and humanistic knowledge that integrates the correct maintenance and organ procurement in adults with brain death. Objective: To conduct a systematic literature review on nursing interventions in the management of organ procurement in adults with brain death, to later propose a corresponding clinical guideline of nursing interventions based on the NANDA ­ NOC ­ NIC taxonomy. Material and method: The PICO framework was used to limit the research data, and the classification of the levels of evidence of the Centre for Evidence ­ Based Medicine of Oxford (OCEBM) for its assessment. Results: Nursing interventions focus on the most frequent complications in organ procurement, such as heart failure, hypotension, arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms, and eye infection. Conclusions: Nursing interventions focused on preventing complications in organ procurement in adults with brain death generate an optimal donation process ­ organ transplantation.

Dos enfoques conocidos para la determinación de muerte neurológica del adulto: propuesta de un concepto unificado / Two criteria to determine brain death in adults: a proposal to achieve a unified definition / Morte neurológica em adulto: proposta de um conceito unificado

Resumen: Cuanto más progreso en el conocimiento de la injuria encefálica aguda (IEA) irreversible y su potencial evolución a la muerte encefálica (ME), existirán más posibilidades de captación de donantes, con la consiguiente disminución de las listas de espera. A nuestro criterio, el médico intensivista deberá tener presente tal posibilidad cuando se enfrenta a víctimas de neuroinjuria independientemente de su etiología. Además, resulta imprescindible que conozca la fisiopatología del síndrome de ME y los pasos a seguir para la realización de un examen neurológico completo, exhaustivo y riguroso que lo confirme. Al día de hoy, existen dos conceptos de muerte según criterios neurológicos: muerte encefálica total' (MET) y muerte de troncoencéfalo (MT). Si bien ambas definiciones son aceptadas por la comunidad médica mundial, algunos países adoptan una u otra, recibiendo el marco legal correspondiente que lo avale. Debatiremos ambos conceptos, con la intención de intentar generar un concepto unificado y consensuado de ME.

Abstract: The greater the advance in terms of knowing about acute encephalic injury (AEI) and its potential evolution to encephalic death (ED), the higher the possibilities of finding donors, with the corresponding reduction of waiting lists. As we see it, intensivists must consider this possibility whenever they face victims of neuroinjury, regardless of its etiology. In addition to this, it is essential for them to know the pathophysiology of encephalic death syndrome, and the steps to be taken for a complete, thorough and strict neurologic exam. Today, there are two criteria to determine death according to neurologic criteria: "total brain death'' (MET) and ''brainstem death'' (MT). Despite the fact that both criteria are accepted by the global medical community, some countries adopt one or the other criteria, which defines the corresponding legal framework that supports it. We will debate both criteria, aiming to achieve a unified and agreed definition of brain death.

Resumo: Quanto mais avançarmos no conhecimento da lesão encefálica aguda irreversível (IEA) e sua evolução potencial para morte encefálica (ME), maiores serão as possibilidades de captação de doadores, com a consequente redução das listas de espera. Em nossa opinião, o médico intensivista deve ter essa possibilidade em mente ao lidar com vítimas de injúria neurológica, independentemente de sua etiologia. Também é essencial que conheça a fisiopatologia da síndrome de ME e as etapas a seguir para realizar um exame neurológico completo, exaustivo e rigoroso para confirmá-la. Até o momento, existem dois conceitos de morte segundo critérios neurológicos: "morte encefálica total" (MET) e "morte encefálica" (MT). Embora ambas as definições sejam aceitas pela comunidade médica mundial, alguns países adotam uma ou outra, recebendo o respectivo arcabouço legal para apoiá-la. Discutiremos ambos os conceitos, com o intuito de tentar gerar um conceito unificado e consensual de ME.

Analysis of conversion rate, organ procurement rate and influencing factors of organ donation: a single-center study in Fujian province / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the conversion rate, organ procurement rate and influencing factors of organ donation in a single center from Fujian province. Methods Baseline data of 182 potential organ donors of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital from November 2018 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The conversion rate of organ donation, baseline data of successful organ donors and the causes of failure of organ donors were identified. The organ procurement rate and the influencing factors of the number of organ donations were analyzed. Results Among 182 potential organ donors, 46 cases were successful organ donors with a conversion rate of 25.3%. In addition, 136 cases failed to donate organ. The main causes included disagreement from family members (58.1%), insufficient evaluation time (24.3%) and ineligible for donation criteria (17.6%). A total of 212 large organs and tissues were donated by 46 organ donors, including 88 kidneys, 42 livers, 15 lungs, 19 hearts and 48 corneas, with 4.6 large organs and tissues, and 3.6 large organs for each donor. Age, sex, native place, organ donation area and blood type were the influencing factors of the number of large organ donations. Organ donation area was the influencing factor of the number of tissue donations. Conclusions The conversion rate of organ donation is relatively low in a single center from Fujian province. Disagreement from family members is the main cause. Suitable potential organ donors should be selected for organ donation to improve the conversion rate and organ procurement rate of organ donation.

Clinical research progress on pediatric lung transplantation / 器官移植

Lung transplantation is an efficacious treatment for end-stage lung diseases in children. Shortage of donor lungs, poor donor-recipient matching, difficult postoperative management, multiple postoperative complications and high fatality jointly restrict the development of pediatric lung transplantation. However, significant progress has been achieved in each transplantation center along with the popularization of organ donation after citizen' s death, advancement of medical science and technology and accumulation of lung transplantation experience. In recent years, clinical application of donor lung from donation after brain death and marginal donor lung repair, maturity of perioperative life support technology and surgical transplantation procedure and reference of management experience after adult lung transplantation have accelerated rapid development of pediatric lung transplantation. In this article, current status and progress on primary diseases, utilization and allocation of donor lungs, selection of surgical techniques, management of postoperative complications and clinical prognosis of pediatric lung transplantation were elucidated, aiming to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Chinese expert consensus on organ protection of transplantation (2022 edition) / 器官移植

Organ transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage organ failure, and voluntary donation after citizen's death is the only source of transplant organ in China. Clinically, transplant organ protection technique plays a critical role in improving the quality of transplant organs and the prognosis of recipients. On the basis of domestic and worldwide basic research and clinical practice of transplant organ protection and according to the Oxford evidence classification and GRADE system, the experts organized by Branch of Organ Transplant Physicians of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Branch of Transplantation Group of Surgery of Chinese Medical Association and China Liver Transplant Registry Scientific Committee had compiled and published the Chinese Expert Consensus on Organ Protection of Transplantation (2016 edition) for liver, kidney, pancreas, small intestine, heart, lung transplant organs. With the support of China Liver Transplant Registry, National Trauma Medical Center, National Quality Control Center for Human Donated Organ Procurement, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation and National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Liver Transplant combined with recent domeatic and worldwide clinical practice and research progress for organ transplantation and organ protection, the Chinese Expert Consensus on Organ Protection of Transplantation (2022 edition) has been published recently. This consensus focuses on updating the technical progress and evidence-based medicine of organ procurement, preservation, transport, and quality evaluation in clinical practice. Additionally, the content of composite tissue transplantation mainly including limb transplantation has also been covered. The aim is to promote the the scientific and standardized clinical organ transplantation.

Donation after circulatory death and lung transplantation / Doação após morte circulatória e transplante de pulmão

ABSTRACT Lung transplantation is the most effective modality for the treatment of patients with end-stage lung diseases. Unfortunately, many people cannot benefit from this therapy due to insufficient donor availability. In this review and update article, we discuss donation after circulatory death (DCD), which is undoubtedly essential among the strategies developed to increase the donor pool. However, there are ethical and legislative considerations in the DCD process that are different from those of donation after brain death (DBD). Among others, the critical aspects of DCD are the concept of the end of life, cessation of futile treatments, and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. In addition, this review describes a rationale for using lungs from DCD donors and provides some important definitions, highlighting the key differences between DCD and DBD, including physiological aspects pertinent to each category. The unique ability of lungs to maintain cell viability without circulation, assuming that oxygen is supplied to the alveoli-an essential aspect of DCD-is also discussed. Furthermore, an updated review of the clinical experience with DCD for lung transplantation across international centers, recent advances in DCD, and some ethical dilemmas that deserve attention are also reported.

RESUMO O transplante de pulmão é a modalidade mais eficaz de tratamento de pacientes com doenças pulmonares terminais. Infelizmente, muitas pessoas não podem se beneficiar dessa terapia, porque não há doadores suficientes. Neste artigo de revisão e atualização, discutimos a doação após morte circulatória (DMC), uma estratégia indubitavelmente essencial para aumentar o total de doadores. No entanto, há considerações éticas e legislativas no processo de DMC que diferem daquelas da doação após morte encefálica (DME). Os aspectos fundamentais da DMC são o conceito de fim da vida, a cessação de tratamentos fúteis e a retirada de terapias de suporte vital, entre outros. Além disso, esta revisão apresenta uma justificativa para o uso de pulmões provenientes de doadores em morte circulatória e fornece algumas definições importantes, destacando as principais diferenças entre DMC e DME, incluindo aspectos fisiológicos pertinentes a cada categoria. A capacidade única dos pulmões de manter a viabilidade celular sem circulação, contanto que os alvéolos recebam oxigênio - um aspecto essencial da DMC - também é discutida. Também apresentamos aqui uma revisão atualizada da experiência clínica com DMC para transplante de pulmão em centros internacionais, os avanços recentes da DMC e alguns dilemas éticos que merecem atenção.